Forgetting passwords happens to the best of us. If you forget or lose the root password to your MySQL or MariaDB database, you can still gain access and reset the password if you have access to the server and a user account with sudo privileges.
This tutorial demonstrates how to reset the root password for MySQL and MariaDB databases installed with the apt package manager on Ubuntu 18.04.
Prerequisites
To recover your MySQL or MariaDB root password, you will need:
Access to the Ubuntu 18.04 server running MySQL or MariaDB with a sudo user or other way of accessing the server with root privileges. In order to try out the recovery methods in this tutorial without affecting your production server, use the initial server setup tutorial to create a test server with a regular, non-root user with sudo privileges. Then install MySQL following How to install MySQL on Ubuntu 18.04.
Step 1 — Identifying the Database Version and Stopping the Server
Ubuntu 18.04 runs either MySQL or MariaDB, a popular drop-in replacement which is fully compatible with MySQL. You'll need to use different commands to recover the root password depending on which of these you have installed, so follow the steps in this section to determine which database server you're running.
Check your version with the following command:
mysql --version
If you're running MariaDB, you'll see "MariaDB" preceded by the version number in the output:
MariaDB output mysql Ver 15.1 Distrib 10.1.29-MariaDB, for debian-linux-gnu (x86_64) using readline 5.2
You'll see output like this if you're running MySQL:
MySQL output mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.22, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper
Make note of which database, as this determines the appropriate commands to follow in the rest of this tutorial.
In order to change the root password, you'll need to shut down the database server. If you're running MariaDB, you can do so with the following command:
sudo systemctl stop mariadb
For MySQL, shut down the database server by running:
sudo systemctl stop mysql
With the database stopped, you can restart it in safe mode to reset the root password.
Step 2 — Restarting the Database Server Without Permission Checks
Running MySQL and MariaDB without permission checking allows accessing the database command line with root privileges without providing a valid password. To do this, you need to stop the database from loading the grant tables, which store user privilege information. Since this is a bit of a security risk, you may also want to disable networking to prevent other clients from connecting to the temporarily vulnerable server.
Depending on which database server you've installed, the way of starting the server without loading the grant tables differs.
Configuring MariaDB to Start Without Grant Tables
In order to start the MariaDB server without the grant tables, we'll use the systemd unit file to set additional parameters for the MariaDB server daemon.
Execute the following command which sets the MYSQLD_OPTS environment variable used by MariaDB upon startup. The --skip-grant-tables and --skip-networking options tell MariaDB to start up without loading the grant tables or networking features:
sudo systemctl set-environment MYSQLD_OPTS="--skip-grant-tables --skip-networking"
Then start the MariaDB server:
sudo systemctl start mariadb
This command won't produce any output, but it will restart the database server, taking into account the new environment variable settings.
You can ensure it started with sudo systemctl status mariadb.
Now you should be able to connect to the database as the MariaDB root user without supplying a password:
sudo mysql -u root
You'll immediately see a database shell prompt:
MariaDB prompt Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. MariaDB [(none)]>
Now that you have access to the database server, you can change the root password as shown in Step 3.
Configuring MySQL to Start Without Grant Tables
In order to start the MySQL server without its grant tables, you'll alter the systemd configuration for MySQL to pass additional command-line parameters to the server upon startup.
To do this, execute the following command:
sudo systemctl edit mysql
This command will open a new file in the nano editor, which you'll use to edit MySQL's service overrides. These change the default service parameters for MySQL. This file will be empty, so add the following content:
[Service] ExecStart= ExecStart=/usr/sbin/mysqld --daemonize --pid-file=/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid --skip-grant-tables --skip-networking
The first ExecStart statement clears the default value, while the second one provides systemd with the new startup command including parameters to disable loading the grant tables and networking capabilities.
Press CTRL-x to exit the file, then Y to save the changes that you made, then ENTER to confirm the file name.
Reload the systemd configuration to apply these changes:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
Now start the MySQL server:
sudo systemctl start mysql
The command will show no output, but the database server will start. The grant tables and networking will not be enabled.
Connect to the database as the root user:
sudo mysql -u root
You'll immediately see a database shell prompt:
MySQL prompt Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql>
Now that you have access to the server, you can change the root password.
Step 3 — Changing the Root Password
The database server is now running in a limited mode; the grant tables are not loaded and there's no networking support enabled. This lets you access the server without providing a password, but it prohibits you from executing commands that alter data. To reset the root password, you must load the grant tables now that you've gained access to the server.
Tell the database server to reload the grant tables by issuing the FLUSH PRIVILEGES command.
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
You can now change the root password. The method you use depends on whether you are using MariaDB or MySQL.
Changing the MariaDB Password
If you are using MariaDB, execute the following statement to set the password for the root account, making sure to replace new_password with a strong new password that you'll remember.
UPDATE mysql.user SET password = PASSWORD('new_password') WHERE user = 'root';
You'll see this output indicating that the password changed:
Output Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
MariaDB allows using custom authentication mechanisms, so execute the following two statements to make sure MariaDB will use its default authentication mechanism for the new password you assigned to the root account:
UPDATE mysql.user SET authentication_string = '' WHERE user = 'root'; UPDATE mysql.user SET plugin = '' WHERE user = 'root';
You'll see the following output for each statement:
Output Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 0 Warnings: 0
The password is now changed. Type exit to exit the MariaDB console and proceed to Step 4 to restart the database server in normal mode.
Changing the MySQL Password
For MySQL, execute the following statement to change the root user's password, replacing new_password with a strong password you'll remember:
UPDATE mysql.user SET authentication_string = PASSWORD('new_password') WHERE user = 'root';
You'll see this output indicating the password was changed successfully:
Output Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
MySQL allows using custom authentication mechanisms, so execute the following statement to tell MySQL touse its default authentication mechanism to authenticate the root user using the new password:
UPDATE mysql.user SET plugin = 'mysql_native_password' WHERE user = 'root';
You'll see output similar to the previous command:
Output Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
The password is now changed. Exit the MySQL console by typing exit.
Let's restart the database in normal operational mode.
Step 4 — Reverting Your Database Server to Normal Settings
In order to restart the database server in its normal mode, you have to revert the changes you made so that networking is enabled and the grant tables are loaded. Again, the method you use depends on whether you used MariaDB or MySQL.
For MariaDB, unset the MYSQLD_OPTS environment variable you set previously:
sudo systemctl unset-environment MYSQLD_OPTS
Then, restart the service using systemctl:
sudo systemctl restart mariadb
For MySQL, remove the modified systemd configuration:
sudo systemctl revert mysql
You'll see output similar to the following:
Output Removed /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service.d/override.conf. Removed /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service.d.
Then, reload the systemd configuration to apply the changes:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
Finally, restart the service:
sudo systemctl restart mysql
The database is now restarted and is back to its normal state. Confirm that the new password works by logging in as the root user with a password:
mysql -u root -p
You'll be prompted for a password. Enter your new password and you'll gain access to the database prompt as expected.
Conclusion
You have restored administrative access to the MySQL or MariaDB server. Make sure the new password you chose is strong and secure and keep it in a safe place.
